Date: 22-Oct-2025
Wishing You Happy Deepavali and
Peaceful & Prosperous Gujarati New Year 2082
Namaste,
On occasion of the Dīpāvalī (Deepavali, Diwali) on 20-Oct-2025 and Gujarati New Year 2082 (22-Oct-2025), we are please to publish an article on basics of Yoga as per Yoga Sūtra-s of Patanjali. This is an old article which was left unpublished in 2023. It is edited and published in 2025.
Please find docx and PDF file titled What is Yoga - Diwali 2025 in Google Drive.
Drive downloads folder link | docx link | PDF link
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Yoga Darśana is an important
śāstra in the traditional six systems of philosophy known as Saḍdarśana (षड्दर्शन) meaning six-darśana-s. The word Darśana दर्शन means ‘to see’. Darśana also means ‘to know’ which fits aptly
in current context. Hence the six systems of philosophies are knowledge-based
systems. Yoga is based on Sāṃkhya. Sāṃkhya is the
ideological basis of Yoga and Yoga is Sāṃkhya’s meditative application.
Sūtra two explains what Yoga is. In this article, we
will cover first two sūtra-s of Yoga Sūtra-s by Patanjali and a few more
selected sūtra-s. If we understand these sūtra-s, it will make newcomers
relatively easy to understand the 195 sūtra-s.
Yoga Sūtra-s of Patanjali are extremely difficult
to actually understand in their real depth and I am not capable to understand them
either. Real understanding is based on direct experience. It is just the
first-hand information which I have gathered reading them which I will share. I
am not an authority on these sūtra-s. Yoga is highly meditative in nature and
as a Yogī goes further deep in his or her sādhana (spiritual practice /
meditation), Īśvara or supreme Godhead or Guru makes a Yogī disciple realise
the deeper truth and actual meaning of the Sūtra-s. An attempt is being made to
explain these sūtra-s in a simple way; however the Sanskrit words are retained
as I find it hard to have their English alternatives retaining the depth of the
original meaning. This article is for English-speaking Indian Audience which is
expected to understand Sanskrit / Hindi words like Guru, Yoga, Yama and Niyama,
etc. Their meanings are also given.
Since Yoga is based on Sāṃkhya, a brief
explanation of Sāṃkhya is also given in the later part i.e. Part 2 of the article. Study of Sāṃkhya and Yoga broadens one’s vision, one’s
mindset. It gives more clarity. It makes more sense while reading Vedānta or
Upaniṣad-s or Gītā. Each system of philosophy has its own terminology. For
example, Puruṣa and Prakriti are the terminologies of Sāṃkhya which are adapted
by Vedāṇta. Three guṇa-s of Prakriti – Sattva, Rajasa and Tamasa are defined
and explained in detail in Sāṃkhya. A separate article ‘Notes on Sāṃkhya
Kārikā’ is already published as a book earlier which covers all 72 Kārikā-s of Sāṃkhya
Kārikā by Īśvara Kṛṣṇa. Even reading 18 pages of ‘Sāṃkhya in Brief’ section
will be helpful for the students of Yoga and also Vedānta.
One cannot understand Yoga Sūtra-s of Patanjali
independently. One has to understand it through Bhagavāna Veda Vyāsa’s
commentary known as Sāṃkhya Pravachana. It is the most authoritative commentary
and no commentary, be it sub-commentary on it or an independent commentary
contradicts Bhagavāna Veda Vyāsa. Traditional Āchārya-s (teachers) have
attributed Sāṃkhya Pravachana to Bhagavāna Veda Vyasa, the same Saint who
authored Mahābhārata. Hence we will take his commentary and other commentaries
when necessary to understand Sūtra-s in detail.
The name of commentary implies that it is based on
Sāṃkhya Darśana, hence Yoga too is based on Sāṃkhya.
I sincerely hope that this article, the sharing of
the information on the first two sūtra-s is helpful for the sincere seekers of
truth.
All that is good is my Guru’s grace, all errors
are mine.
What is Yoga?
Let’s begin
with the first two Sūtra-s.
Maharṣi Patanjali begins his
Sūtra-s on Yoga with the Sūtra –
अथ योगानुशासनम् ॥
१.१॥
atha yogānuśāsanam || 1.1||
Which literally translates to –
Henceforth or Now,
[the instructions on] the discipline of Yoga begins.
We will discuss this Sūtra in
detail later. First let us study the meaning of the second Sūtra of Chapter 1
known as Samādhi Pāda, a chapter dedicated to teaching the concepts of Samādhi.
This Sūtra explains the meaning of Yoga.
Original
Śloka
योगश्चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधः ।। 1.2 ।।
yogaścittavṛttinirodhaḥ
|| 1.2 ||
Sandhi Split
योग-चित्त-वृत्ति-निरोध ।। 1.2
।।
yoga-chitta-vṛtti-nirodha
।। 1.2 ।।
Word by word meaning:
योग
Yoga =
Yoga [is], samādhi [is]
चित्त
Chitta
= mind
वृत्ति
Vṛtti
= any fluctuation in mind.
निरोधः Nirodhaḥ
= cessation
Yoga is complete cessation of fluctuations occurring
in mind.
Implied Translation:
Yoga is Samādhi. Samādhi is the complete
cessation of fluctuations occurring in the mind.
If we understand this Sūtra, it becomes easy to understand the
concept of Yoga. Each word in this sūtra is important.
Let us understand each term of this Sūtra in detail.